Journal of Shipping & Trade

This research adopts a qualitative case study approach, supported by literature review, to examine the relationship between theoretical expectations of port automation and the practical realities observed at TTL. The …

Climate risks Climate risks refer to the potential financial, social, and environmental harm caused by the effects of climate change, which can have significant consequences for industries, including shipping. These …

This section of the paper reviewed the existing literature into three sub-sections. The first sub-section discourses the concepts that have predominantly been used in this study. The second sub-section reviews …

The review underscores a wide array of strategies aimed at decarbonizing ferry systems, encompassing technological innovations, operational enhancements, and policy-driven interventions. Prominent approaches identified include electrification, the adoption of alternative …

Results from the systematic literature review The systematic literature review reveals a growing and increasingly diversified body of research addressing the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in maritime port …

This section details our proposed method. The process flowchart for our data fusion method includes AIS-based vessel trajectory extraction, video-based vessel trajectory extraction, and asynchronous vessel trajectory matching. For AIS …

This section investigates the phase in which established firms operationalize their investments as part of broader corporate engagement strategies with startups. Key incremental aspects, such as activity-based segmentation and geographic …

The rapid growth of freight mobility is intensifying the reliance on transportation modes and generating several transport-related challenges. The condition is observed from the fact that freight transport problems have …

Data sources The study covers panel data on 15 countries in West Africa for the period 2000–2018. Table 1 presents the variables used in the study, including their definitions, measurements …

Overview of identified floating port studies Our analysis identified 142 studies indexed in Scopus or WoS that deal with the topic of floating ports and harbors. Nevertheless, a closer look …

A summary of all operant resources for value co-creation is found in Table 2. Table 2 Summary of results linking operant resource to importance for value co-creation in port access …

This section details the findings from the questionnaire and interview data. Figure 1 lists the themes and subthemes/nodes, the number of interviewees who provided responses about each theme/node, and the …

Model performance A significant variation was found in the predictive power of the models evaluated under default parameters. The substantial RMSE heterogeneity across models, as observed in Table 3, draws …

The hierarchy of legal sources governing environmental compliance in ship sale contracts Before examining specific environmental obligations, it is necessary to distinguish the different sources of law that govern ship …

Climate change necessitates a rapid transition away from fossil fuels toward sustainable energy carriers (Wang et al. 2025; Shang et al. 2024; Zhang et al. 2026). Alternative zero-emission fuels, such …

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as …

The literature often presents automation as a desirable development in production systems. The transportation system is no exception. Automation would help to reduce ship operating costs and enhance navigation safety …

Research design A mixed methods design with an exploratory and diagnostic approach was adopted in this study (Hernandez-Sampieri and Mendoza 2018). The methodological objective was not to prove causal relationships, …

The authors thank the editor and reviewers for their constructive comments during the revision process. Use of AI-assisted tools During the revision of this manuscript, the authors used OpenAI’s ChatGPT …

Ethics approval and consent to participate All experiments adhered to institutional ethical standards. Participants were briefed on the study’s objectives, informed consent was obtained, and all data were anonymized. No …

The findings underscore critical practical implications for Nigeria’s successful implementation of the AfCFTA agreement within the context of maritime piracy and its economic consequences. Maritime piracy does not merely represent …

Alamoush and Ölçer (2025), reviewed the current literature on key technological advancements in the maritime industry categorizing them in automation technologies, digital technologies, carbon emissions technologies, and advanced emerging technologies. …

Berth characteristics of Apapa, Tin Can Island, Onne and Delta Seaports The berth characteristics of Apapa, Tin Can Island, Onne and Delta ports are shown in Table 1, 2, 3 …

This study identifies the hazards that arise during the interaction between the ROC and onboard controllers. The tables and the figures in the result section present the numbers, percentages, and …

Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority, Italy Port context Both in terms of financial independence and in terms of decisional independence, Italian Port System Authorities score low. They are non-economic public …

The shipping sector has more alternatives to decrease carbon emissions than merely depending on alternative green fuels. An important issue is that the concept of decarbonization for green shipping must …

To construct the activity-based emissions inventory for the Port of Hamburg it is necessary to approximate the traffic performance of the total number of vessels that are required to ship …

The main objective of this paper is to determine whether the costs of the most relevant world maritime transport port exhibit persistent deviations from equilibrium through fractional integration techniques. For …

While the machinery automation system should mitigate the impact of emergency situations (e.g. fire and flooding) (Bureau Veritas 2019), the maintenance and repair system should also be reliable and ensure …

Data description Table 3 provides an overview of port operation variables. The average number of quay cranes is 4.76, with high variability (STD of 6.44), ranging from 0 to 20 …

Container port productivity changes: the Malmquist index and its decomposition As mentioned above, the Malmquist Productivity Change can decompose into two components: EFFCH, which captures the catch-up effect, and TECHCH, …

Seaports are characterized as multidimensional systems that directly connect cargo, ships, and cities and are influenced by and influence their environment. Sustainability is strategic by considering that port development must …

Event study methodology In this section, we present the results for the geopolitical events’ impact on LNG transitions through Suez Canal. Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6, show the CARs …

The LSNDP was proven to be an NP-hard problem by Brouer et al. (2014), considering the complexities of the traveling salesman and set-covering problems. To address this, we applied a …

Before the 2000s: beginning of e-commerce and the dot-com bubble The beginning of the internet and e-commerce The historical analysis (visualised in Fig. 2) begins by establishing the internet's and …

Materials Most of the datasets used for this study were obtained directly from the Port Management Association of West and Central Africa (PMAWCA) and the official websites of the individual …

Research papers mapping As described in Step 1 of the methodology, the data collection process was structured around a systematic keyword-based search within Google Scholar, targeting publications that specifically discussed …

Inland navigation in Europe In this section, a current overview of the inland waterway transportation system is provided, showing its current strengths and weaknesses. With over 41 thousand kilometres of …

In this section, we present our results. We start with an overview of the parameter values in Sect. “Parameter values”. In Sect. “Theoretical results” we present our theoretical results, which …

Based on the above, judges, when deciding about the status of online logistics platforms, need to answer two questions: (1) Does the platform meet the criteria of an information society …

Dataset characteristics The dataset used in this study consist of bi-annual company level data on ship management revenues and expenses collected by the Cyprus Shipping Chamber from its members. In …

For trade facilitation definition, it’s known that the primary objective of trade facilitation is to streamline the regulatory framework for international trade, with the aim of minimizing transaction costs. Concurrently, …

We assessed performance under varying traffic levels and numbers of available pilots by generating problem instances based on the physical layout of the St. Lawrence River and operational data from …

Modern trends in the use of container ship processing technologies Influence of automation on the quality of port operations During the research, there was used classification of automatic equipment, which …

In 2020, rail container transit delivered excellent service and proved its exceptional resilience and reliability, whereas other transport modes were burdened with rate volatility, capacity restrictions, and equipment shortages. Rail …

The core terminal attributes depicted in Fig. 4I are descriptive and have limited meaning on an individual basis. However, analyzing a large sample of 331 terminals reveals patterns across these …

Efficiency analysis through the nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method originated with Farrell in 1957. This approach was subsequently recast as a mathematical programming challenge by Charnes et al. (1978). …

Following the systematic literature review and the QCA, 48 out of 85 scientific documents were selected for the analysis through manual screening. Most of them (80%) were peer-reviewed articles, with …

Solutions validated by the sector (e.g. digitalization Maersk Line, toolkit FIATA, D&D tool by Dockflow) do not solve the D&D issues (Storms et al. 2023). The methodological components presented in …

Inland shipping in Europe Inland shipping modal share has experienced a declining trend over the past six years in Europe, reaching a level of 5.8% in 2020, in contrast to …